And 2 With regard to the individual: How do we motivate man to embrace his own autonomy? For this reason I look at newly free societies in our world today. After the soulless despotism of the totalitarian communist regimes, countries such as Romania were very much in a state of nature.
No wonder so many dissidents and people who suffered under such inhumane regimes claim that totalitarianism robbed them of their humanity. These governments denied man the fundamental principle, which makes him human. This is something that severely impedes progress: a man of a certain culture and world-view insisting that he knows best for everyone else.
Man insisting that his particular culture and with that comes a moral code is universal. I do not buy any of these claims. I am a relativist when it comes to religious-cultural-traditionally inspired and justified moral claims. As if we were to speak of different moralities! Kant means there is only one morality universally applicable to human beings. To value autonomy in a given society, means to recognize that every man has to the right to his own pursuit of happiness so long as his pursuit does not infringe upon the rights of others.
The question naturally follows: but what of those people who do not value their autonomy? What of the individual who does not want to choose for himself?
This leads me to the significance of a newly free society in general and what Romania can teach us about basic principles of human nature. If we view post-communist Romania as a chance to witness a situation where man does not recognize the value in his own choice, because he never had to use it before, and now is expected to employ it, how do we suppose that autonomy really is valuable? It is easy to arrive at its validity in an established liberal democracy, where we take it for granted.
Romania and the newly free societies that cover the globe give us a chance to see if that freedom really is fundamental to a good life. My argument precedes this whole discussion. I strike at whether or not human beings find anything inherently valuable. I will argue that the one thing they do find inherently valuable is their own autonomy.
But I do not want to deal with already established successful however flawed and impure democratic republics in order to prove my moral claims. Rather I feel my argument will be even more acute convincing and compelling if we look at a different society to the one we live in and are familiar with in the U. K, France, Germany, etc. Rather I need to demonstrate that each and every human being can arrive at the conception of autonomy, on his own, without being brought up in a society that already values it.
This is the difficulty. Thus, I look at a society that has no political restraints or barriers, that institutionally has the same values American democracy has, but whose people were not brought up valuing freedom and individual human dignity. If anything western political philosophy has proceeded on the assumption that liberal ideas are inherently important, because the theoreticians already agree that they are.
So how do we arrive at a compelling argument for the Romanian as well as the Iraqi, Russian, Hungarian, Afghan, etc. We can attribute our modern conception of autonomy to Kant. First, I need to explain how Kant arrived at this unique view and why it is legitimate for all of mankind.
We need to understand what freedom meant for Kant before we can apply it to a newly free society. Book Reviews. Bruce Lincoln, Caroline E. Bejan's "Intellectuals He rates the book as 5 stars on Amazon and includes a thorough book review. Publication Date: Publication Name: Amazon. The title of this book comes from a Romanian expression about delusion-a concept that the speaker in the title poem says she struggled with as she dreamed of a creative career. In "Equilibrium," the speaker tells the reader ways that In "Equilibrium," the speaker tells the reader ways that "Things could be worse"-from cancer-ridden parents to a lover leaving for the priesthood.
A speaker reunites with an estranged cousin in a Camden pub to discuss troubled family ties in "Nu e rolul meu [It's not my role]. The seizure and torture of a speaker's grandparents under Communism, and the legacy of paranoia it imparted on their descendants, are the focus of "Opening the Orange Envelope.
In this book, Bejan centers her poems in a dazzling variety of settings, immersing readers in such environments as a U. Ilana D. Publication Date: Publication Name: personal blog. History and Romanian History. Publication Date: Publication Name: Facebook.
Krishnamurti more. He was plucked from India in at the age fourteen by Westerners in search of Truth. The Theosophical Society, based out of New York, claimed to be the solution to world peace and the culmination of all religions. Young Krishamurti was When he came of age, he saw it all for what it was: a sham.
He denounced the Society, stepped down from his exalted Messiah status and spent the rest of his life in meditation, writing and giving talks about what for him, was really the meaning of life. Religion and Philosophy. Vanhaelemeersch, Philip. ISBN Language: English. Protection delivered by the same tools Microsoft uses for business customers. Data encryption in your mailbox and after email is sent.
Automatic deactivation of unsafe links that contain phishing scams, viruses, or malware. Premium Ransomware detection and recovery for your important files in OneDrive. Keep your busy life organized Use Outlook's powerful built-in calendar to keep track of your appointments and schedule meetings with others. More accessible than ever We've designed Outlook. If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here.
If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here. We have sent an email to , please follow the instructions to reset your password. Home Browse Social and economic impacts of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil ALL Metrics. Get PDF. Get XML. How to cite this article. NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Close Copy Citation Details. Revised Social and economic impacts of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: Study protocol and rationale for a mixed-methods study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Abstract Global concern broke out in late as thousands of children in Brazil were born with microcephaly, which was quickly linked to congenital infection with Zika virus ZIKV.
This study aimed to explore the social and economic impacts of CZS in Brazil. Data was collected May January Ethical standards were adhered to throughout the research. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with: mothers and other carers of children with CZS approximately 30 per setting , pregnant women per setting , men and women of child-bearing age per setting , and health professionals per setting.
Thematic analysis was undertaken independently by researchers from at least two research settings, and these were shared for feedback.
A case-control study was undertaken to quantitatively explore social and economic differences between caregivers of a child with CZS cases and caregivers with an unaffected child controls. We aimed to recruit cases and controls per setting, from existing studies. The primary caregiver, usually the mother, was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on: depression, anxiety, stress, social support, family quality of life, health care and social service use, and costs incurred by families.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to compare outcomes for cases and controls. Costs incurred as a result of CZS were estimated from the perspective of the health system, families and society. Modelling was undertaken to estimate the total economic burden of CZS from those three perspectives. Corresponding Author s. Hannah Kuper Hannah. Kuper lshtm. Revised Amendments from Version 1 The following changes to the document were made in response to the comments from the reviewers.
Introduction The Zika virus ZIKV epidemic hit Brazil in early , coinciding with a time of political and economic crisis for the country 1. It is now clear that ZIKV is also associated with a wider spectrum of severe adverse outcomes, collectively termed congenital Zika syndrome CZS , including the following five distinctive features 3 : Severe microcephaly in which the skull has partially collapsed Decreased brain tissue with a specific pattern of brain damage, including subcortical calcifications Damage to the back of the eye, including macular scarring and focal pigmentary retinal mottling Congenital contractures, such as clubfoot or arthrogryposis Hypertonia restricting body movement soon after birth.
Protocol Overview and setting A mixed-methods study was used to assess the social and economic impacts of ZIKV, implemented by a multi-disciplinary team, including researchers from Brazil and the UK. Qualitative data collection The qualitative component of this research aimed to: understand the social and economic impacts of CZS at the mother and household level; describe the impacts of ZIKV on the beliefs and attitudes of pregnant women and on family planning decision-making; and explore the sources and adequacy of information on ZIKV and CZS given to women, their families, and healthcare workers.
To generate this information, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with the following groups of respondents in both Recife and Rio de Janeiro: 1. Quantitative data collection A case-control study was undertaken to collect quantitative data to explore the differences between mothers with a child affected by CZS, in terms of social and economic variables.
Qualitative data analysis All transcripts were transcribed by experienced transcribers and transcripts were checked by the members of the research team. Quantitative data analysis New variables were recreated from the standardized questionnaires. Economic data analyses and economic burden model The economic analysis adopted the health system SUS and societal perspective. Table 1. Sources of data for economic analyses, from different perspectives.
Data dissemination and resource sharing Owing to the small number of children with CZS, making data potentially identifying, and the sensitive nature of the subjects discussed in the interviews, data associated with this study will not be made freely available. Discussion and conclusions This impact study is the first of its kind exploring the social and economic impact of ZIKV in depth. Data availability No data are associated with this article. Notes 1 We had originally planned to distinguish the experience of pregnant women who tested ZIKV positive from those who tested negative.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the research participants for sharing their time. Author information Other than the three joint-first authors, all authors contributed equally and are listed in alphabetical order. Supplementary material Supplementary File 1.
Click here to access the data Supplementary File 2. F recommended References 1. N Engl J Med. JAMA Pediatr. Reference Source 5. Int J Mol Sci. PLoS Curr. Am J Public Health. J Infect. Ann Intern Med. Semin Reprod Med. Cad Saude Publica. Diniz D: Zika virus and women. Disabil Rehabil. Arch Womens Ment Health.
WHO: Psychosocial support for pregnant women and for families with microcephaly and other neurological complications in the context of Zika virus.
Geneva: WHO, Reference Source Cult Health Sex. Psychol Health. BMC Public Health. Inj Prev. Lancet Infect Dis. Bayley N: Bayley scales of infant and toddler development.
Sydney: Psychology Foundation, J Affect Disord. Support Care Cancer. Health Qual Life Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; PLoS One. Arq Bras Cardiol. Comments on this article Comments 0. Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Article Versions 2 version 2 Revised. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Manager RIS Sente. Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions.
How to cite this report:. NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Reviewer Report 22 Oct Anne C. VIEWS 0. Thank you for your thorough response to my concerns. Although I still maintain that a protocol paper written in the past tense is confusing, I feel all of my other concerns have been addressed and this is a minor issue that if the other reviewers and editor feels is not a problem I am ok on that point.
I believe this is ready for indexing and will make an important contribution to the field. Wheeler A. Reviewer Report For: Social and economic impacts of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: Study protocol and rationale for a mixed-methods study [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Report a concern. Respond or Comment. Reviewer Report 26 Jun Approved with Reservations. This paper describes a rationale and protocol for assessing the social and economic impacts of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil.
The goals are important and the methods seem sound. I was confused that the entire paper is written in the past tense given this is describing a protocol without any results.
It might be better to write in the future tense if describing only the protocol. Alternatively, describe the protocol within a results-driven set of papers. More information about how the different sets of information from the two sites will be synergy for the analysis is needed. Yes Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
Partly Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Not applicable. Author Response 11 Sep Author Response. Response to Dr Wheeler Thank you for the detailed and thoughtful comments on the manuscript, which we have attempted to address, as follows: 1. Changing tense of paper Continue reading Response to Dr Wheeler Thank you for the detailed and thoughtful comments on the manuscript, which we have attempted to address, as follows: 1.
Changing tense of paper: We would prefer to retain the past tense, as we specified that the data collection has already been completed and so believed that it was confusing to then write in the present tense. We would prefer to retain a separate protocol paper, as otherwise it would not be possible to present all the methods for the entire study together as results paper will be quantitative, qualitative or economic and to present the level of detail desired due to the word restrictions on journal submissions.
More information has been provided on how data was combined between the two sites, and how data analyses were stratified by region and included tests for effect modification to ascertain whether there were different patterns in the two sites. The full Denver test was not undertaken. These results were not collected on the other subjects cases Recife, cases and controls Rio.
The Bayley result was only collected within Rio. We therefore do not have the possibility of comparing the Denver Test and the Bayley results. This process is now clarified in the text. For the economic analyses, we included costs from the health system, household and societal perspective as specified in Table 1. Best wishes, Hannah and colleagues Response to Dr Wheeler Thank you for the detailed and thoughtful comments on the manuscript, which we have attempted to address, as follows: 1.
Best wishes, Hannah and colleagues. Reviewer Report 07 Nov The study is original and fills a gap in the literature about the legacy of Zika affected countries, such as Brazil. The methodology is complex and well designed, combining mixed methods of social sciences, such as qualitative interviews and survey.
My general analysis is very supportive of the study and my comments are more related to inspire the authors during the analysis process than any specific criticism to the design. I thank the authors for the opportunity of reading the piece in advance. There are two settings in the study, a potential source which is not fully explained how they will inspire the analysis.
I have two concerns related to the settings: a the study mentions "contrast" between them - I wonder how do the authors plan to contrast the settings and based on which categories?
There are a lot of evidences showing how the space alters the quality of the evidence. Besides that, there is also sufficient evidence showing that women feel themselves constrained of talking with researchers at hospital settings. How to deal with that?
I wonder if we do not have two different studies using the same protocol, but they cannot be compared at the end. How to answer that point? There is a description about the team who performed the interviews. But there is no clarification about the gender and nationality - were they women and Brazilians?
Locals or from different regions? Again - talking about women's issues, like reproduction, care or family, is mostly a woman to woman conversation and it matters a lot the cultural identification of the researcher.
0コメント