Why citing your sources is important Telling your readers where you found your information is a very important part of the writing process. It gives credit to the hard work others have done. Citing your sources also helps readers to understand the context of your project.
You can show that you understand the work that has already been done and where your own research fits in. Finally, your readers might want to build on your research.
Citing helps them to know where you found your information when readers do their own research. They might even cite you if you formally published your work. You can read more about how to integrate the research of others into your paper in Chapter 7 of the Turabian manual or Chapter 13 in the CMOS. This style uses superscript numbers at the ends of sentences. These numbers alert readers that the sentence contains information from another source. Each superscript number refers to a note.
The notes are located at the bottom of the page footnotes or at the end of the paper, chapter, or book endnotes. Unless your instructor has told you otherwise, the choice between footnotes and endnotes is up to you. You just need to be consistent and stick to one style or the other.
After the first citation, any other citations to the same work can then use a shortened form. The current recommendation of the CMOS is to always use the shortened form of the citation. Full Bibliography If you are including a full bibliography, you might choose only to use shortened citation forms in your footnotes or endnotes. You may also use the shortened structure that omits the title for sources that you cite several times in a row.
Keep in mind that if you cite a different source, you need to use the full shortened structure the next time you cite from a source you have used before. Citation Examples Here are a few examples of citation structures in the notes and bibliography style. For more examples and information on this style, check out the EasyBib Chicago footnotes guide. This style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list to guide readers to the sources you cite.
The in-text citation generally includes the:. Using the parenthetical citation, the reader can then look at the reference list and find full information for the source. Report a problem. Subjects: All Subjects. Tags: Chicago , Citations , Citing , research tips. When a source has multiple authors, list up to three in your note citations. Page number s should be included if you are referring to a specific part of the text.
The elements of the citation are separated by commas, and the note always ends with a period. When citing a book , if an edition is specified, include it in abbreviated form e. If the book was accessed online, add a URL. This is an example of a full note, 1 and this is an example of a short note. When citing a chapter from a multi-authored book, start with details of the chapter, followed by details of the book.
This is an example of a full note, 1 and this is an example of a shortened note. To cite a journal article , you need to specify the volume and issue as well as the date. This is an example of a full note, 1 and this is an example of a shortened note 2. Web pages often have no author or date specified. If the author is unknown, start with the title in a full note, and use the website name as author in a short note.
If the publication date is unknown, include the date you accessed the information e. Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words and awkward phrasing. See editing example. The bibliography lists full references for all your sources. It appears at the end of your paper before any appendices. Author names are inverted in the bibliography, and sources are alphabetized by author last name.
Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied to sources that run over onto multiple lines. If a source has multiple authors, list up to 10 in the bibliography. It is not mandatory to include a bibliography if you have cited your sources with full notes. However, it is recommended to include one in most cases, with the exception of very short texts with few sources. Bibliography entries vary in format according to source type. Formats and examples for some common source types are shown below.
In the social sciences, you may be told to use author-date style instead. In this style, citations appear in parentheses in the text. Author-date citations are always accompanied by a reference list. Citing is a recognition of other people's work. Each use a slightly different format. This style uses notes footnotes or endnotes together with a bibliography. Notes provide an author the option to add additional information or comments about a cited source.
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